Introduzzjoni
Din l-għaqda oriġinali u qaddisa bejn ir-raġel u l-mara ġiet salvata minn Ġesù billi ħelisna mill-ħakma tal-ħażen u tana l-libertà mill-ġdid biex inħobbu lil Alla u lil xulxin b’imħabba bla kundizzjoni, bħalma jħobbna Hu. Din l-għaqda bejn ir-raġel u l-mara tant hija għaqda qaddisa, li Ġesù irrefera għaliha b’mod partiklari, u taha dinjità ta’ sagrament biex tkun tirrifletti l-imħaba tiegħu mal-Knisja.
F’dil-ġabra ta’
riżorsi issibu dawn biex jgħinukom fil-formazzjoni tagħkom u ta’
ħaddieħor.
1. Siltiet mill-Iskrittura fuq l-għaqda tar-raġel u l-mara, u fuq id-divorzju 2. Tagħlim mill-Katekizmu tal-Knisja Kattolika 3. Tipi differenti ta’ divorzju 4. Statistiċi fuq iż-żwieġ u d-divorzju 5. Stqarrija dwar il-Kuxxjenza u d-Divorzju (Malti u Ingliż) 6. Differenzi bejn żwieġ, annullament, separazzjoni u divorzju 7. Għaliex il-liġi tad-divorzju ma tnaqqasx il-koabitazzjoni 8. L-effett fuq it-tfal fid-divorzju 9. In-nota pastorali ta' Mons Arċisqof dwar iż-Żwieġ, il-Familja u d-divorzju 10. Intervista ma’ Dun Anton Gouder fuq id-divorzju 11. Insara ta' Veru u Kuraġġużi - Dun Joseph Mizzi 12. Powerpoint dwar is-sejha tal-bniedem li jkun bniedem 13. Powerpoint tas-Seminar Nazzjonali fuq iż-Żwieġ (Ingliż)
[2:18] U l-Mulej Alla qal: "M'hux sewwa li l-bniedem jibqa' waħdu. Ha nagħmillu għajnuna tgħodd għalih." [2:19] U l-Mulej Alla sawwar mill-art annimali selvaġġi u t-tajr kollu ta' l-ajru, u ġiebhom quddiem il-bniedem biex jara xi jsemmihom; u skond ma jkun il-bniedem semma lil kull ħliqa ħajja, dak ikun isimha. [2:20] U l-bniedem ta isem lil kull bhima u 'l kull tajra ta' l-ajru, u 'l kull annimal selvaġġ; imma għall-bniedem ma nstabet ebda għajnuna tgħodd għalih. [2:21] U l-Mulej Alla tefa' nagħsa tqila fuq il-bniedem; u dan raqad. U ħadlu waħda minn kustilji u flokha mlieh bil-laħam. [2:22] U l-Mulej Alla sawwar il-kustilja, li kien ħa mill-bniedem, f'mara u giebha lill-bniedem. [2:23] Mbagħad il-bniedem qal: "Din id-darba din hi għadma minn għadmi, u laħam minn laħmi għalhekk tissejjaħ mara, għax mir-raġel ittieħdet hi." [2:24] Għalhekk ir-raġel iħalli lil missieru u lil ommu u jingħaqad ma' martu u jsiru ġisem wieħed. [2:25] U t-tnejn kienu għerja, ir-raġel u martu, u ma kinux jistħu minn xulxin.
[19:1] Kif temm dan id-diskors, Ġesù telaq mill-Galilija u mar il-Lhudija, fl-inħawi 'l hemm mill-Ġordan. [19:2] Folol kbar ta' nies marru warajh, u hu fejjaqhom hemmhekk. [19:3] U resqu fuqu xi Fariżej biex iġarrbuh, u qalulu: "Jista' wieħed jitlaq lil martu fuq xi ħaġa, tkun xi tkun?" [19:4] Iżda hu qalilhom: "Ma qrajtux li sa mill-bidu l-Ħallieq għamilhom raġel u mara, [19:5] u qal, 'Minħabba f'hekk raġel iħalli lil missieru u 'l ommu u jingħaqad ma' martu u t-tnejn isiru ġisem wieħed'? [19:6] Għalhekk m'humiex iżjed tnejn, imma ġisem wieħed. Mela dak li għaqqad Alla ma għandux jifirdu l-bniedem." [19:7] Qalulu: "Mela allura għaliex ordna Mosè li żewġha jagħtiha l-kitba tad-divorzju u jibgħatha?" [19:8] Qalilhom: "Kien minħabba l-ebusija ta' qalbkom li Mosè takom il-permess tibagħtu n-nisa tagħkom. Iżda ma kienx hekk mill-bidu. [19:9] U ngħidilkom, li min jibgħat lil martu - barra l-każ ta' żwieġ ħażin - u jiżżewweġ oħra jkun ħati ta' adulterju." [19:10] Qalulu d-dixxipli: "Mela ladarba din hi l-kondizzjoni tar-raġel mal-mara, ma jaqbilx li wieħed jiżżewweġ." [19:11] Iżda hu qalilhom: "Mhux kulħadd jifhimha din il-ħaġa, imma dawk li lilhom jingħata li jifhmuha. [19:12] Hemm ewnuki li jitwieldu hekk minn ġuf ommhom, oħrajn jagħmluhom hekk in-nies, u hemm oħrajn li jsiru hekk minn rajhom minħabba s-Saltna tas-Smewwiet. Min jista' jifhem, jifhem!"
Alla, li huwa mħabba u li ħalaq lill-bniedem għax ħabbu, sejjaħlu għall-imħabba. Meta ħalaq lir-raġel u lill-mara, sejħilhom fiż-żwieġ għal komunità intima ta’ ħajja u tal-imħabba bejniethom, u għalhekk m'humiex iżjed tnejn, imma ġisem wieħed" (Mt 19,6). Meta berikhom, Alla qalilhom: “Nisslu u oktru, u imlew l-art” (Ġen 1,28).
338. Għal liema għanijiet Alla waqqaf iż-żwieġ? Ir-rabta taż-żwieġ bejn ir-raġel u l-mara, imwaqqfa u mogħtija l-liġijiet proprji tagħha mill-Ħallieq stess, min-natura tagħha trid iġġib l-għaqda u l-ġid tal-miżżewġin u t-tnissil u t-trobbija tal-ulied. Ir-rabta taż-zwieġ, skont il-pjan oriġinali ta' Alla, ma tinħallx (indissolubbli), kif jgħid Ġesù Kristu: "Dak li għaqqad Alla, ma għandux jifirdu 1-bniedem" (Mk 10,9).
339. B'liema mod id-dnub jhedded liż-żwieġ? Minħabba l-ewwel dnub, li ġab firda fl-għaqda li kien hemm bejn ir-raġel u l-mara, mogħtija mill-Ħallieq, ir-rabta taż-żwieġ hi ħafna drabi mhedda minn nuqqas ta' ftehim u mill-infedeltà. Madankollu Alla, fil-ħniena kbira tiegħu, jagħti lir-raġel u lill-mara l-grazzja tiegħu biex iwettqu l-għaqda ta' ħajjithom skont il-pjan li Alla ħalaqhom għalih sa mill-bidu.
340. X'jgħallem it-Testment il-Qadim dwar iż-żwieġ? Alla, fuq kollox permezz tal-pedagoġija tal-Liġi u tal-profeti, jgħin lill-poplu tiegħu biex jimmatura bil-mod il-mod fl-għarfien dwar iż-żwieġ li hu wieħed u ma jinħallx. Ir-rabta taż-żwieġ bejn Alla u Iżrael tħejji u turi minn qabel ir-Rabta l-ġdida mwettqa mill-Iben ta' Alla, Ġesù Kristu, ma' l-għarusa tiegħu, il-Knisja.
341. Kristu x'irregalalna ġdid fiż-żwieġ?
Ġesù Kristu mhux biss
waqqaf mill-ġdid 1-ordni tal-bidu hekk kif riedu Alla, imma jagħti
1-grazzja biex il-miżżewġin jgħixu ż-żwieġ tagħhom fid-dinjità ta'
Sagrament, li huwa s-sinjal tal-imħabba tiegħu ta’ għarus għall-Knisja:
"Intom l-irġiel, ħobbu n-nisa tagħkom, kif Kristu ħabb il-Knisja” (Ef
5,25). Iż-żwieġ mhuwiex obbligu għal kulħadd. Fuq kollox Alla jsejjaħ xi rġiel u nisa biex jimxu wara l-Mulej Ġesù fit-triq tal-verġinità jew taċ-ċelibat għas-Saltna tas-smewwiet, billi jiċċaħħdu mill-ġid kbir taż-żwieġ biex jagħtu każ tal-ħwejjeġ tal-Mulej u jfittxu li jogħġbu lilu, waqt li jsiru sinjal mill-aqwa ta' l-imħabba ta' Kristu, li tisboq kull imħabba oħra, u tat-tatua ħerqana għall-miġja tiegħu fil-glorja.
343. Kif jiġi ċċelebrat is-Sagrament taż-Żwieġ? Minħabba li ż-żwieġ idaħħal lill-miżzewġin fl-stat ta' ħajja pubblika fil-Knisja, iċ-ċelebrazzjoni liturġika hi pubblika, lil-preżenza tas-sacerdot (jew tax-xhud kwalifikat tal-Knisja) u tax-xhieda l-oħra.
344. X’inhu l-kunsens taż-żwieġ? Il-kunsens taż-żwieġ hu r-rieda, li juru raġel u mara, li jagħtu lilhom infushom lil xulxin u għal dejjem bil-għan li jgħixu l-għaqda ta' mħabba bil-fedeltà u li tagħti l-frott. Minħabba li l-kunsens jagħmel iż-żwieġ, huwa indispensabli u insostitwibli. Biex żwieġ ikun validu, il-kunsesn irid ikollu bħala għan tiegħu iż-żwieġ tassew, ikun att uman, ġej mir-rieda ħielsa u ħieles mill-vjolenza jew pressjoni minn barra.
345. X’jintalab meta xi ħadd mill-għarajjes ma jkunx kattoliku? Biex iż-żwiġijiet imħallta (bejn kattoliku u mgħammed mhux kattoliku) ikunu leċiti, jeħtiegu l-permess espress ta' 1-awtorità tal-Knisja. F’każ ta' disparità tal-kult (bejn kattoliku u mhux mgħammed) biex iz-żwieġ ikun validu hi meħtieġa dispensa. F'kull każ, huwa essenzjali li 1-għarajjes ma jwarrbux l-għanijiet u l-propjetajiet essenzjali taż-żwieġ, u li l-parti kattolika tikkonferma dawk l-impenji, magħrufa wkoll mill-parti l-oħra, li tħares fidi u li tiżgura l-Magħmudija u l-edukazzjoni tal-ulied fil-Knisja Kattolika.
346. X’inhuma 1-effetti tas-sagrament taż-żwieġ? Is-Sagrament taż-Zwieġ joħloq bejn il-miżżewġin, rabta għal dejjem u esklussiva. Il-kunsens ta' l-għarajjes hu ssiġillat minn Alla nnifsu. Għalhekk iż-żwieġ iċċelebrat u kkonsmat bejn imgħammdin ma jista' jinħall qatt. Barra minn dan, dan is-sagrament jagħti lill-għarajjes il-grazzja meħtieġa ħa jilħqu l-qdusija fil-ħajja tagħhom taż-żwieġ huma u jilqgħu u jedukaw b'responsabbiltà lil uliedhom.
347. Liema huma d-dnubiet li jmorru gravament kontra s-Sagrament taż-żwieg? Dawn huma: l-adulterju; il-poligamija, għax hi kuntrarja għall-fatt li r-ragel u 1-mara għandhom l-istess dinjità bħala persuni u għax tikkuntradixxi l-uniċità u 1-esklussività ta’ l-imħabba taż-żwieġ; iċ-ċaħda tal-ftuh għall-ħajja, li tneħħi mill-ħajja taż-żwieġ id-don tat-tfal; u d-divorzju, li jmur kontra l-indissolubiltà. 348. Meta l-Knisja tippermetti s-separazzjoni fiżika tal-miżżewġin? ll-Knisja tippermetti s-separazzjoni fizika tal-miżżewġin meta 1-għajxien tagħhom flimkien ikun sar impossibbli fil-prattika minħabba raġunijiet gravi, minkejja li tkun mixtieqa r-rikonċiljazzjoni bejniethom. Sakemm waħda mil-partijiet tibqa’ ħajja, jew sakemm iż-zwieġ tagħhom ma jiġix iddikjarat null mill-awtorità ekklezjastika, mhumiex ħielsa li jingħaqdu f’rabta gdida.
349. Kif il-Knisja ggib ruħha mad-divorzjati li jerġgħu jiżżewġu? Fidila għall-kliem tal-Mulej, il-Knisja ma tistax tqis bħala żwieġ l-għaqda tad-divorzjati li jiżżewġu ċivilment. “Min jitlaq lil martu u jiżżewweġ oħra jkun ħati ta' adulterju kontra l-ewwel waħda; u jekk mara titlaq lil zewġha u tizzewweġ ieħor tkun ħatja ta' adulterju" (Mk 10,11-12). Lejhom il-Knisja tagħti attenzjoni ħerqana, filwaqt li tħeġġiġhom għal ħajja ta' fidi, għat-talb, għall-għemejjel tal-karità u għall-edukazzjoni nisranija tat-tfal. Imma huma ma jistgħux jirċievu s-sagrament tal-penitenza, u lanqas jersqu għat-tqarbin, jew jaqdu ċerti responsabblitajiet ekkleżjali, sakemm idumu f’din is-sitwazzjoni, li oġġettivament hi kontra l-liġi ta' Alla.
350. Għaliex il-familja nisranija tissejjaħ ukoll Knisja domestika? Għax l-familja turi u twettaq in-natura ta' komunjoni u ta' familja tal-Knisja bħala familja ta’ Alla. Kull mernbru, skont ir-rwol tiegħu, jeżerċita s-saċerdozju li tagħti l-Magħmudija, u jagħti sehem biex jagħmel mill-familja komunità ta' grazzja u ta' talb, skola tal-virtuijiet umani u nsara, impost fejn l-ulied jisimgħu l-ewwel tħabbira tal-fidi.
In most Western countries, a divorce does not declare a marriage null and void, as in an annulment, but it does cancel the married status of the parties. Where monogamy is law, this allows each former partner to marry another. Where polygyny is legal, divorce allows the woman to marry another. Divorce laws vary considerably around the world. Divorce is not permitted in some countries, such as in Malta and in the Philippines, thougħ an annulment is permitted. From 1971 to 1996, four European countries legalised divorce: Spain, Italy, Portugal and the Republic of Ireland.
No-fault divorce Under a no-fault divorce system, the dissolution of a marriage does not require an allegation or proof of fault of either party. The application can be made by either party or by both parties jointly.
At-fault divorce Prior to 1975, countries which permitted divorces also required proof by one party that the other party had committed an act incompatible to the marriage. This was termed "grounds" for divorce (popularly called "fault") and was the only way to terminate a marriage. Most jurisdictions around the world still require such proof of fault. In the United States, no-fault divorce is now available in all 50 states. The District of Columbia - New York, the last state to still require fault-based divorce, passed a bill in 2010 permitting no-fault divorce.
Fault-based divorces can be contested; evaluation of offenses may involve allegations of collusion of the parties (working together to get the divorce), or condonation (approving the offense), connivance (tricking someone into committing an offense), or provocation by the other party. Contested fault divorces can be expensive, and not usually practical as eventually most divorces are granted. Comparative rectitude is a doctrine used to determine which spouse is more at fault when both spouses are guilty of breaches.
Summary divorce A summary (or simple) divorce, available in some jurisdictions, is used when spouses meet certain eligibility requirements, or can agree on key issues beforehand.
Key factors: · Short marriage (less than 5 years) · No children (or, in some states, when the spouses have resolved custody and set child support payments for children of the marriage) · Minimal or no real property (no mortgage) · Marital property is under a threshold (around $35,000 not including vehicles) · Each spouse's personal property is under a threshold (typically the same as marital property)
Uncontested divorce It is estimated that upwards of 95% of divorces in the U.S. are "uncontested," because the two parties are able to come to an agreement (either with or without lawyers/mediators/collaborative counsel) about the property, children and support issues. When the parties can agree and present the court with a fair and equitable agreement, approval of the divorce is almost guaranteed. If the two parties cannot come to an agreement, they may ask the court to decide how to split property and deal with the custody of their children. Thougħ this may be necessary, the courts would prefer parties come to an agreement prior to entering court.
Where the issues are not complex and the parties are cooperative, a settlement often can be directly negotiated between them. In the majority of cases, forms are acquired from their respective state websites and a filing fee is paid to the state. Most US states charge between $175 and $350 for a simple divorce filing. Collaborative divorce and mediated divorce are considered uncontested divorces. In the United States, many state court systems are experiencing an increasing proportion of self-representation without of a lawyer (i.e. pro se) in divorce cases. In San Diego, for example, the number of divorce filings involving at least one self-representing litigant rose from 46% in 1992 to 77% in 2000, in Florida from 66% in 1999 to 73% in 2001. Urban courts in California report that approximately 80% of the new divorce filings are filed pro se.
Collaborative divorce Collaborative divorce is a method for divorcing couples to come to agreement on divorce issues. In a collaborative divorce, the parties negotiate an agreed resolution with the assistance of attorneys who are trained in the collaborative divorce process and in mediation, and often with the assistance of a neutral financial specialist and/or divorce coach(es). The parties are empowered to make their own decisions based on their own needs and interests, but with complete information and full professional support. Once the collaborative divorce starts, the lawyers are disqualified from representing the parties in a contested legal proceeding, should the collaborative law process end prematurely. Most attorneys who practice collaborative divorce claim that it can be more cost effective than other divorce methods eg going to court. Expense, they say, has to be looked at under the headings of financial and emotional. Also, the experience of working collaboratively tends to improve communication between the parties, particularly when collaborative coaches are involved and the possibility of going back to court post separation or divorce is minimized. In the course of the collaboration should the parties not reach any agreements, any documents or information exchanged during the collaborative process cannot be used in court except by agreement between the parties.
Neither can any of the professional team retained in the course of the collaboration be brougħt to court. Essentially they have the same protections as in mediation. There are two exceptions: 1) Any affidavit sworn in the course of the collaboration and vouching documentation attaching to same and 2) any interim agreement made and signed off on in the course of the collaboration or correspondence relating thereto. The parties are in control of the time they are prepared to give their collaboration. Some people need a lot of time to complete and others will reach solutions in a few meetings. Collaborative practitioners offer a tigħtly orchestrated model with meetings scheduled in advance every two weeks and the range of items to be discussed apportioned in advance of signing up as well as the more open ended process, the clients decide.
Electronic divorce Electronic divorce is a means that allows two persons married under certain jurisdictions, such as Portugal, to file an electronic request for no-fault collaborative divorce in a non judiciary administrative entity. Specific cases, with no children, real property, alimony, or common address, can be decreed as summary within one hour.
Mediated divorce Divorce mediation is an alternative to traditional divorce litigation. In a divorce mediation session, a mediator facilitates the discussion between the two parties by assisting with communication and providing information and suggestions to help resolve differences. At the end of the mediation process, the separating parties have typically developed a tailored divorce agreement that can be submitted to the court. Mediation sessions can include either party's attorneys or a neutral attorney or an attorney-mediator who can inform both parties of their legal rigħts, but does not provide advice to either, or can be conducted with the assistance of a facilitative or transformative mediator without attorneys present at all. Divorce mediators may be attorneys who have experience in divorce cases or they may be professional mediators who are not attorneys, but who have training specifically in the area of family court matters. Divorce mediation can be significantly less costly, both financially and emotionally, than litigation. The adherence rate to mediated agreements is much higħer than that of adherence to court orders.
But is divorce a solution or a problem to society?
2001 Divorce Statistics
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